NEWS | Tensions Escalate into Open Conflict: Unpacking the Ongoing Cambodia–Thailand War

Southeast Asia at a Boiling Point: Cambodia–Thailand War Intensifies

What began as simmering border tensions has now exploded into a full-scale military conflict between Cambodia and Thailand, marking one of the most serious escalations in Southeast Asia in over a decade. As of July 2025, both nations have mobilized thousands of troops along their shared border, triggering fears of a broader regional instability.

Here’s a comprehensive look into how this war started, what’s currently happening, and what it could mean for the region and the world.

The Spark: A Border Dispute Decades in the Making

The seeds of the current conflict were sown decades ago, rooted in territorial disputes around the Preah Vihear Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site located on a cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains. Though the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in 1962 that the temple belonged to Cambodia, the surrounding land has remained disputed. Skirmishes in 2008, 2011, and several other minor clashes since have continued to fuel nationalist sentiment in both countries.

Tensions reignited in late May 2025, when a Cambodian military patrol accused Thai forces of illegally entering a demilitarized zone and erecting a temporary outpost. In retaliation, Cambodia reinforced its military installations along the northwestern border. This tit-for-tat escalation culminated in an intense exchange of artillery fire near Oddar Meanchey Province on June 8, 2025, which left at least 27 soldiers and civilians dead on both sides.

Current Situation on the Ground

As of July 25, 2025, fighting has expanded to multiple provinces including Oddar Meanchey, Preah Vihear, and Banteay Meanchey on the Cambodian side, and Sisaket, Surin, and Sa Kaeo in northeastern Thailand. Both governments have declared partial martial law in their border regions and ordered mass evacuations.

Cambodia has accused Thailand of launching airstrikes on civilian infrastructure, while Thailand claims its actions are “defensive and proportionate” in response to Cambodian incursions and alleged use of paramilitary groups. Independent verification remains difficult due to limited access granted to journalists and humanitarian organizations.

Military analysts report that both armies are now using heavy artillery, drones, and mechanized infantry, a significant step up from previous border clashes. Cambodia’s Prime Minister Hun Manet has vowed to “defend every inch of sovereign territory,” while Thailand’s Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin declared in a televised address, “We did not seek this war, but we will end it on our terms.”

Humanitarian Impact and Civilian Displacement

More than 180,000 civilians have been displaced from both sides of the border. Refugees report destroyed homes, landmines, and lack of access to food, clean water, and medical aid. Makeshift camps have sprung up along the Thai provinces of Ubon Ratchathani and Buriram, as well as within Cambodia’s Battambang Province.

The Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, and UNHCR have deployed limited teams, but access remains highly restricted due to ongoing shelling and road blockades. There are growing fears of a humanitarian crisis, particularly in areas where infrastructure has been heavily damaged.

ASEAN’s Struggles to Mediate

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has historically emphasized diplomacy and non-intervention, but this conflict is testing its limits. An emergency ASEAN summit held in Jakarta on July 18, 2025, ended without a joint resolution after member states failed to reach consensus on direct intervention or sanctions.

Indonesia and Vietnam have called for an immediate ceasefire, while Laos and Myanmar have remained silent. Singapore and the Philippines have expressed concern over the threat to regional economic stability and trade corridors.

International Response

Global powers have begun weighing in cautiously. The United States and European Union have called for de-escalation and offered to mediate, while China, which holds significant economic and political influence over both countries, has remained publicly neutral but is reportedly engaging in backchannel diplomacy.

The United Nations Security Council held a closed-door session on July 22, with UN Secretary-General António Guterres urging restraint and offering peacekeeping support “if both sides request neutral mediation.” No official resolution has yet been passed.

The Role of Nationalism and Social Media

Nationalist rhetoric has surged in both countries, inflamed by state-controlled media, viral misinformation, and TikTok-fueled war propaganda. Cambodian and Thai citizens have taken to social platforms to express outrage, support for troops, and disdain for the opposing side. Government censorship and digital restrictions are now increasing, particularly in Cambodia, where opposition groups claim the conflict is being used to silence dissent and distract from domestic issues.

What’s at Stake?

Beyond the immediate bloodshed, the Cambodia–Thailand conflict risks:

• Destabilizing ASEAN’s unity

• Disrupting Mekong River trade and agriculture

• Inviting broader regional militarization

• Jeopardizing tourism, a major income source for both nations

• Triggering internal political unrest if the conflict drags on

The war is also drawing comparisons to past regional conflicts, such as the 1979 Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the 2011 Thai-Cambodian clashes, though analysts warn that the scale and pace of escalation this time are unprecedented.

Is Peace Possible?

Both governments have shown little willingness to back down, as nationalist pressures and territorial pride overrule diplomatic pragmatism. The best-case scenario now hinges on international mediation, perhaps under ASEAN or UN auspices, and an immediate ceasefire agreement to prevent further loss of life.

Until then, the war between Cambodia and Thailand marks a dangerous new chapter in Southeast Asia’s geopolitics—one that could have ripple effects far beyond their shared border.